Tiger Parenting

 

Tiger parenting is a term that became popular after its use by Chinese author Amy Chua in the Book titled ‘Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother’ (Chua). The term Tiger is mainly used to refer to part of the native home of Tigers which is East and South East Asia where there is a strict culture when it comes to raising children. After the publication of the book, the term has become popular in describing how Asians, particularly Asian Americans raise their children so that they perform well academically.
Characteristics

Tiger parenting is mostly strict and authoritarian parenting that in many cases entails the use of negative parenting such as the enforcement of strict and sometimes severe rules. Another characteristic may be the restriction on the use of leisure time, which the parent may consider putting into more productive use, like learning a new skill. However, contrary to the tiger parenting methods used by Amy Chua in raising her daughters, which was mostly power assertive negative parenting, most tiger parents in East Asia as well as the majority of Asian Americans also, use positive parenting strategies when raising their children (A. P. Association 2). These positive strategies include encouraging those who fail the first time to try again instead of punishing the children for failing as well as community support in helping the child to succeed.

Tiger parenting is controversial because people, even scholars, express divergent views on it. Some view it as necessary as its outcome produces desirable results such as disciplined, academically successful children. This is important in this increasingly competitive world. Others consider it to be a destructive form of parenting that moulds children into machine-like robots from whom perfection in expected in everything that they do. Several successful and controversial examples of tiger parenting bring about the question as to whether tiger parenting is ethical or not. Tiger parenting is an ethical way to bring up a child as are both good and bad aspects of Tiger parenting, but the realization of the benefits of this type of parenting depends on how the parent does it.

The Ethics of Tiger Parenting

Tiger parenting is ethical, in terms of its consequences. First, it helps in molding hard working children. In almost every study done in the United States including a survey done by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (Science 1-3) shows that Asian Americans by outperform every other racial group in the United States academically at all levels. Asians have a hard work ethic that their tiger parents instill at home. Most Asians believe that Success comes about because of personal effort rather than natural ability. This belief seems to be paying off.

The children of tiger parents are highly disciplined. Asians are respectful to their elders due to cultural factors. Tiger parents enforce discipline rigorously, and the children who grow up in such households are usually respectful and considerate not only to their parents but to most people in society. In contrast, the mode of parenting that is predominant in the United States is where the parent tries to be friends with their kids rather than to be authority figures. This results in a culture of entitlement amongst non-Asian children in the US and brings problems later in life when the children grow up and join the workforce where there are authority figures who demand respect.
It is important to note that tiger parenting is not only ethical, from a consequential perspective, but also from a deontology perspective. The children try to satisfy the parent’s high expectations. Many Asian parents push their children to perform well because most of them came from deprived backgrounds and do not want their children to have the same negative experiences they had while growing up. At the same time, most of them believe in the American Dream, which rewards those who make the greatest effort to succeed thus they place high expectations on their children and push them towards achieving those expectations. Tiger parenting has largely been responsible for the rapid transition from being one of the poorest minority groups in the Sixties to the most successful and wealthiest minority group today.
Children of tiger parents grow up to be model citizens and residents with moral values and ethics. East Asian immigrants have gained favor across the globe not only because of their hard work ethic, but also because of their ability to easily integrate into the culture of their host country and most importantly, rarely bring any social tensions with them. Asian Americans in the US have the lowest crime rates of any racial group in the country mainly due to the instilling of discipline and respect for authority by their parents. East Asian children gain less exposure to social risks like underage drinking and use of dangerous drugs in their teens than other racial groups.

Unethical Tiger parenting practices and their effects
However, other scholars are of a different opinion. They believe that tiger parenting is unethical because of negative consequences ignored or overlooked by its proponents. . Tiger parenting can lead to several negative effects that may affect a child’s development into a whole person.
An example of a negative consequence of tiger parenting is that children may end up having poor social skills. Many tiger parents make the mistake of being excessively strict and restricting the social lives of their children. Such restrictions create several problems later on in life, as the individual is unable to get along with most people ad ends up being shy and alone most of the time. Excessive individualism where selfishness and self-interest may also become a problem when it comes to social interaction. This phenomenon is already quite common in China and is becoming common amongst Asian Americans in the US.
The children may end up having mental problems. Too much of a good thing can be poisonous. In this case, excessive tiger parenting can bring about the very results that the tiger parent is trying to avoid. According to research done by Yasmin Anwar of UC Berkley (Anwar 2), pushing, and straining your child to succeed can lead to depression, anxiety, and inability to express emotion. Such issues can lead to poor academic performance, forcing the tiger parent to exert even more pressure. Asian American girls and women seem more sensitive to this pressure since they record the highest suicide rate amongst females of all racial backgrounds. (A. P. Association 1-3).
Children of tiger parents often have low self-esteem. Both Tiger parenting and American society are responsible for this problem. Many Asian Americans still feel like outsiders in this country, and this affects their self-esteem. Tiger Parents try to teach their children that only through success will they be equal to their white counterparts and woe unto the child who fails! The use of humiliation as a way to encourage the child to succeed always has detrimental effects if the child does fail or does not do as well as expected. When a child feels that their parent’s love is conditional, based on their achievements, it acts as a demotivator rather than a tool of encouraging success.

The children may end up being poor innovators. Children of Tiger parents may be the most successful academically, but perform poorly when it comes to innovation and people skills. Despite the high academic achievements of Asian Americans, they hardly feature in senior leadership roles in the country. The reason given is that most Asians are content with being just being ‘worker bees’ and as people with poor social skills. As computerization takes over the complex mathematical and science jobs that so many tiger parents push their children to excel in, social skills will become more important, and it is about time tiger parents realized that.
Tiger Parenting can be ethical or unethical depending on how it is applied. A balance has to exist between being strict, while allowing the children to have social skills and to have a degree of independence to think for themselves. While it is a good thing to encourage and push your child to succeed, there are limits to this and the child should not strain just to please their parents at their expense. A parent should allow their children to act like children once in a while. After all, we are only children once.

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Accommodate Students with Disabilities

Higher education refers to studies taken at the University, University colleges and higher education institutions. Certifications in these institutions involve conferment of degrees and award of a higher national diploma. Disabilities may range from physical to learning ones. In an article by Mencap, a charity organization,” a learning disability is a reduced intellectual ability and difficulty with everyday activities-for example household tasks, socializing and managing money-which affects someone for the whole life” (Mencap_Charity). The Learning Disabilities Association of America explains that learning disabilities are neurologically-based processing problems. The association further advises that the processing problems can interfere with learning basic skills such a reading, writing, and math. Accordingly, people with the disabilities will take longer to learn, thus requiring support to understanding complex information, developing new skills and socializing with others. Learning disability affects intellect, and cannot be overcome with treatment; it is an incurable lifelong challenge. However, people with the challenges can succeed in schools, at work, relationships and community given the relevant support (America). The learning-challenged have average or above average intelligence. The victim seemingly looks normal; bright and intelligent. Further examinations disclose deviations between the individual’s potential and actual achievements. The person may be unable to demonstrate skill levels of his or her normal age mates. In the past, higher institutions catered for able students. However, suggestions have been made so that these institutions can start accommodating even those students with disabilities. In doing this effectively, professors and higher institutions should be trained on how to teach the students and modify their instructional methodologies. This brief examines the different modifications necessary.

Training Higher Education Institutions to Accommodate Students Who have Disabilities

Statistics proves that these accommodations are on the rise (Marklein, 2011) (Vickers, 2010). Landmark College is a small, private institution that specializes in educating students with dyslexia. According to Professor Roxanne Hamilton, the college had developed strategies to stay focused when lecturers get boring, picked up on tips for staying on top of home works, and brushed up on their rights as college students with documented learning disabilities (Marklein, 2011). By working on their handshakes, she advises the students that “ a firm grip will project confidence when they ask for what they need to succeed — be it extra time on tests, access to an instructor’s notes or a distraction-free place to study” (Marklein, 2011).

Individualized assistance for students with disabilities needs to be accommodated in the learning process. Such assistance aims at giving them equal opportunity to the learning environment: It is not intended at weakening the rigor of the course, nor for altering the primary aspect of the course. Every student has a unique learning disability. Subsequently, learning assistance should be tailored to individual needs (Washington(UW), 2015).

As cases of learning disabilities noticeably rise, so have the realization and application of academic and technological strategies to accommodate the disabilities. While planning a course, instructors must consider on how to avail it even to those with disabilities. The Universal Design recommends the instructors to:

• Include in the syllabus a statement of an invitation for students to be open about their disabilities. All college resources dealing with the disabilities should be made known to them.
• Make early and clear the requirements of the course. Exams dates, due dates for assignments, and any changes to it should be communicated in advance.
• For printed materials, these should be provided in advance. Where possible, the material should be converted into electronic text. Such a move will allow enough time for students who use reading software (Washington(UW), 2015). Such auxiliary aids and services will go along the way into helping the learning-disabled (California, 2013).
• Multimodal presentation of classroom materials will help address a variety of styles and strengths. Presenting the material in oral and written format appeals to the appropriate senses of the learners. Objectives should be clearly stated, accompanied by periodic reviews of previous lessons and summaries. Brief, uncomplicated instructions need to be demonstrated, while also using multiple course assessment methods. Video captions enable visual and audible presentation of content. Though meant for the deaf, the captions also help those not proficient in English. The videos should be provided in the various learning centers, in varying modes (Washington(UW), 2015).
• Accommodations should be availed for the classroom and assignments. In line with this, the student should be assisted in getting a note-taker from the class. They can also be provided with the instructor’s notes or be allowed to tape- record the lectures. Besides, for writing assignments, the learner requires additional time.

Especially for large assignments, students’ disabilities call for their assistance in planning the workflow. By breaking the assignment into smaller components, and providing feedback, then the learner gets the chance to comprehend the assignment better (Washington(UW), 2015). Assistance for proofreading should also be made available. Still, accommodations should be availed for examinations. These should be taken in rooms that are free from distractions, time for the exams need to be extended while essay exams should have the company of spelling and grammar-assistive devices. The use of calculators and scratch papers would go in hardy. The assistance of word processors and alternatives for oral exams are viable.

“Higher Education is governed by section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and also the Americans with Disabilities Act” (Vickers, 2010). These are statutes of civil rights that require all institutions of higher learning to have necessarily reasonable modifications to policies, to ensure educational access and opportunities for the students, without discriminations.

Students with learning disabilities have the right to information. However, under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, a disclosure of the student’s disabilities will only be done with the express permission of the student, that is, a need-to- know basis (Gaumnitz, 2017).

All the above measures that aim at ensuring that those with learning disabilities have a fair share in acquiring higher education.

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Translation Research

Translational research is a relatively new term in medicine, and it varies distinctly from basic clinical research. Translational research is an interdisciplinary field that applies findings from various biomedical studies to the nursing practice with the intention of improving healthcare delivery (Robertson and Williams, 2009). In essence, basic research has been advanced to a whole new level because of the incorporation of new knowledge from other disciplines. For example, as a result, of translational research, new possibilities of preventing, diagnosing and treating diseases have been brought to light. The concept of translation of new knowledge is invaluable to the nursing practice, and it has contributed towards meaningful health outcomes since its adoption. This paper examines the importance of translational research in healthcare, how it has developed over time, the fundamental role played by doctors of nursing practice (DNPs) in research translation and the importance of teamwork in realizing the goals of translational research.

Background

For a long time, a vacuum has existed in the medical field in that the results of research carried out in hospitals are not put to any meaningful use (Hu, Mural and Liebman, 2008). This factor prompted scholars in the medical field to work towards the development of a multi-centric research model that uses findings from various surveys to improve the quality of healthcare services. Therefore, the need to translate scientific research results into the nursing practice intensified and experiments carried out in the laboratory were further adopted by clinics for trials. Clinical trials that proved successful became an important milestone in the development of point-of-care patient applications. Today, there are a variety of new drugs, equipment and treatment options for patients courtesy of the knowledge harnessed from translational research. Nevertheless, translational research remains a relatively new discipline whose success heavily relies on the combination of both aspects of basic science and clinical research.

The Goal of Translational Research

Theoretically, translational research came in to fill the gap created by the failure to implement research findings. The primary objective of this research is to significantly improve the global healthcare system regarding diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases by combining resources and expertise from the relevant disciplines. Translational research hopes to drive deeper discoveries in the global healthcare system by ensuring that scientific findings are applied to clinical practice. This research can also be looked at from the patients’ point of view because ultimately, it aims to improve patient care and promote public health.

The Development of Translational Research in Healthcare

As earlier established, translational research is a relatively new concept whose first application to healthcare can be traced back to the early 2000s. The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) published in 2002 reiterated the need to translate the scientific knowledge acquired from other disciplines to the practice of nursing (Aronoff, 2011). Later in 2005, the Translational Research Working Group (TRWG) was created in the US. With the primary role of financing translational research. TRWG essentially set the stage of translational research and institutions of higher learning embraced the concept positively. For instance, in 2007, the University of Washington created the Institute of Translational Health Services (ITHS) that was tasked with strengthening genetic medicine (Aronoff, 2011). Since then, translational research has gained prominence in the nursing practice with many governments around the world assigning a significant portion of their healthcare budgets to translational research.

Importance of Translational Research in Healthcare

Translational research has not only improved the quality of patient care but also made it safer and more cost effective. Translating research findings into the practice of nursing has led to the development of new drugs and devices that have facilitated the process patient care. Previously unexploited medical resources have been explored, and the result is the invention of drugs that combat serious health hazards. The ultramodern equipment used by medical personnel significantly enhance the diagnostic process making results more precise. Patients have also benefited from the fruits of translational research since the costs associated with health care have considerably dropped. Furthermore, patients enjoy a pleasant experience with the nursing personnel while admitted to a hospital. Translational research remains important in as far as the provision of quality care is concerned because with subsequent research initiatives, the new knowledge acquired will have to be integrated into clinical nursing.

The Role of DNPs in Translational Research

It is worth noting that translating biomedical evidence into meaningful health outcomes is not an easy task. Implementing the research data requires the input of relevant stakeholders for an effective action-based learning. DNPs are integral elements of translational research because they possess the necessary clinical education needed for translating the knowledge. First, DNPs have to be trained in the various research designs, for example, participatory and iterative designs, which enable them accurately interpret research findings (Chesla, 2008). The training also ensures that the DNPs have a clear picture of the relevant pattern of stakeholders’ thought and behavior (. A diverse group of stakeholders is likely to have varying perspectives and trained DNPs can effectively assess the opinions and arrive at an agreeable conclusion. Another important role played by DNPs is that of coordinating team members in their respective collaborative learning communities, a factor that enhances translational productivity. Essentially, DNPs translate academic research into patient-oriented clinical practice.

The Importance of Professional Collaboration and Teamwork

Medicine as a field is very broad with complex concepts that cannot be possibly understood by a single person. Therefore, it is important that healthcare providers embrace the spirit of teamwork positively since such professional collaborations will result in improved outcomes for patients. The importance of collaboration in healthcare cannot be underestimated because doctors, nurses and the other healthcare professionals have to work together towards the achievement of a common goal. Teamwork is highly recommended because it reduces medical error. A couple of nurses working on the same patient will easily notice a medical error as opposed to when the patient was being attended to by a single nurse. Patient safety is also significantly increased courtesy of teamwork since the welfare of an individual patient is addressed by a group of nurses.

Teamwork enhances problem-solving and serious medical problems in a particular field, say neurology, are tackled by a team of specialists belonging to that area. A lot of nurses have complained about exhaustion and being overworked in the past, an issue that can be addressed by embracing teamwork. A single nurse will no longer have to burn out because of being responsible for the health of several patients. On a lighter note, team building activities are normally effective in strengthening the bond among working colleagues. In fact, research has revealed that nurses who frequently experience team building programs are more satisfied with their jobs (Grady, 2010).

Conclusion

Indeed, translational research has made tremendous contributions to the health care system by integrating scientific research findings into clinical practice. The results are notable, and it is doubtless that the future of global healthcare looks bright as long as translational research is still exploited. Nevertheless, a wide gap still exists between the scientific community and the healthcare community and it is essential that this gap is bridged by forming partnerships between schools, healthcare services, and community organizations.

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Can Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) be described as both a clotting disorder and a bleeding disorder?

Blood is fundamental for life. It consists of Plasma, Platelets, White blood cells and Red blood cells (Encyclopædia Britannica). Red blood cells carry oxygen and nutrients to every organ of the body and return carbon dioxide to the lungs. The white blood cells shield the body from infections while the platelets assist in coagulation process (blood clotting). A blood disorder occurs when one or more components of the blood are affected. Blood disorders bring a great deal of problems to human health (United States, 2008). Blood disorders are classified into four categories; clotting disorders, bleeding disorders, anemia and disorders of the bone marrow (United States, 2008). This essay seeks to establish whether Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) can be described as both a clotting disorder and a bleeding disorder.

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura is a blood disorder because it affects the platelet component of the blood. Thrombotic comes from the word thrombosis meaning coagulation of blood in a blood vessel; Thrombocytopenic is the drop in the platelet count in the blood while Purpura refers to the purple spots on the skin (Dictionary.com). Miller-Keane Encyclopedia (2003) defines TTP as a bleeding condition portrayed by oozing of blood under the skin, into the body tissues, and creating unstructured bruises (purpura) on the skin. It uses up platelets to form blood clots in small blood vessels in the entire body, leaving a small number of platelets in the blood. Kuter (2014) adds that the reduced number of platelets may be caused by very many platelets having been destroyed or the bone marrow being unable to make enough platelets. The blood clots formed, restrict the flow of blood to the vital organs of the body, putting a risk owing to lack of nutrients and oxygen.

Blood is destined to clot. When there is an injury, blood oozes out a little and then coagulates. In a normal haemostasis, the platelets assemble at an injury spot, attach themselves to the inside layer of the affected blood vessel and create a platform on which blood clotting can take place. Barlow-Stewart, Emery and Metcalfe (2007) assert that the clotting happens outside the body, and if it does happen inside, then there is something wrong. A person is said to have clotting disorder if his/her blood clots very easily within the body. According to a United States publication (2008, p.107) such blood clots take place in the veins and occasionally in the arteries. A blood clot may remain in one part of the blood vessel. It causes deep venous thrombosis or DVT, or it may circulate through the blood stream to the vital organs of the body causing venous thromboembolism (Barlow-Stewart, Emery and Metcalfe, 2007, p.1)

Bleeding disorders occur when there is abnormal blood clotting or when bleeding takes too long to stop. Journeycake and Buchanan (2003) emphasize that if the following three signs appear, then consider it a bleeding disorder. The first one is if there is persistent or severe bleeding. Secondly, if there is blood seeping out from more than one site and finally when medical intervention is essential such as blood transfusion. Irish Haemophilia Society (2010, p.2) argues that there are well known and common bleeding disorders such as the von Willebrand disease, Haemophilia A and Haemophilia B but insists that there also exists a big number of bleeding disorders that have something to do with both the platelets and coagulation factors. Israels, Schwetz, Boyar and Mcnicol (2006) add that what hampers haemostasis are abnormalities that are either acquired or inherited. Too much bleeding can arise from platelet deficiency, blood vessel fragility/dysfunction, derangement of clotting, or a combination of all.

What causes TTP is unclear; however it is argued (Levy et al. 2001) that it is caused by the absence of ADAMTS13 gene that controls the protein that helps in blood clotting. Vesely et al. (2003) agrees that the deficiency of the gene causes TTP. Gerritsen et al. (1999) says that people with TTP have been found to have a deficiency of von Willebrand factor (vWF). Von Willebrand factor is not an enzyme, but it is a cleaving protease. Its main role in the blood is binding to other proteins enhancing blood coagulation. Therefore, its deficiency leads to a bleeding tendency. ADAMTS13 enzyme mediates the catabolism (biological breakdown) of vWF hence its deficiency leads to decreased breakdown of the ultra-large multimers of vWF.

In TTP, platelets use vWF molecule to stick themselves together in form of clots. When the vWF become very long, the platelets will form clots even when they are not supposed to. The body normally keeps vWF in the right length using enzyme ADAMTS13. If the body is unable to keep vWF short enough to prevent abnormal clot and destruction to the blood vessels of the body, then TTP occurs. When blood clots in the blood vessels throughout the body, a few platelets are left such that in the event of an injury, bleeding continues for long, and internal bleeding occurs. The blood clots form and circulate in the entire body ending up in the vital organs such as kidneys and the brain.

The minute clots have two key effects. First, by circulating throughout the body, they can block the blood veins preventing blood from reaching the vital organs of the body. This restriction can compromise their performance (Kuter, 2014). Second, the small blood clots can use up numerous platelets. This results to blood being unable to clot when it is required to. For this reason in the event of an injury, bleeding continues for long. Since TTP is a deadly disease of abrupt start and unclear cause (LEVY et al., 2001), it is unpreventable.

From the descriptions of both the blood disorders and clotting disorders, it is evident that Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura can comfortably be described as being both a blood disorder and a bleeding disorder. It is a bleeding disorder because firstly, blood seeps out through the skin due to reduced number of platelets in the blood. Secondly, blood oozes out from more than one site. Thirdly, the bleeding continues for a long time. Lastly, bruising occurs on the skin (Miller-Keane Encyclopedia, 2003), and the disease is fatal if no immediate medical intervention is taken (George, 2006). On the other hand, TTP is a clotting disorder because the disease occurs due to abnormal clotting of the blood. Blood clots form within the blood vessels instead of outside the body at an injury spot. Blood clots form easily and circulate in the blood throughout the body even to the vital organs like the kidneys and the brain.

In conclusion, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura is an uncommon medical emergency of the blood whose cause is unknown. It affects mainly adults (George, 2006). It is potentially fatal (Rock et al., 1991 p.393) due to the formation of microscopic blood clots throughout the body putting a risk to the critical organs of the body such as the heart, kidneys and brain (Byrnes and Khurana, 1977). Life-threatening bleeding occurs due to both internal and external bleeding. TTP is both a bleeding and clotting disorder since it has the characteristics of both.

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