Health Challenges in Underdeveloped Countries

Health systems in underdeveloped countries are usually ill-aligned to deal with the needs of the people who need this care most. This means that the health system unjustly spends most of its resour…

Source: Health Challenges in Underdeveloped Countries

Health Challenges in Underdeveloped Countries

Health systems in underdeveloped countries are usually ill-aligned to deal with the needs of the people who need this care most. This means that the health system unjustly spends most of its resources on the segment of the population that needs it least, since this population incidentally enjoys a higher standard of life, without exposure to things such as malnutrition, poor sanitation and other risk factors that the poor face daily. This means that these disadvantaged communities have to pay out of pocket to access these services, or avoid health care, which leads to untreated morbidity, or the more likely result of more than 100 million people falling into poverty annually after paying health related expenses.  (Afri. Health sciences, 2009; (Shah, 2011)).Related to this is the fact that health expenditure is mainly targeted at curative purposes, rather than prevention. The effect is a missed opportunity to stop many of the diseases and problems they end up curing, and further misdirecting desperately needed funds that could be aimed at prevention (Afri. Health sciences, 2009).

The communities affected by these problems greatly suffer due to lack of knowledge on their options. Health insurance in these countries is mostly unheard of, and an increase in this would help many communities access health care. It is therefore important as a nursing professional to enlighten these communities on this. Secondly, the communities affected need to be educated on how to protect themselves from harmful sicknesses and diseases. Nutrition, hygiene and good sanitation are within the grasp of many of these communities. Hospitals should also observe hygiene and minimize the high rate of infections contracted in hospitals. (Afri. Health sciences, 2009)

The insufficient supply of nursing staff in these countries exacerbates the problems. The nursing profession can lobby international decision making bodies to actively fight for this, with the aim of ultimately having more accessible healthcare for all. This will be in line with the two strategies discussed above, of empowering these communities to do more to prevent illnesses, and acquiring health insurance whenever possible.

Benefits of Physical Activity

Since people gained awareness of the body and age as their identity in that their youthfulness is related to the healthy life style, healthy life style has become importance for the consumers. Healthy life style includes proper physical activities, positive life attitude and diet. According to (Oberg &Tornstam, 2001,) in consumer society, the body, has become a symbol of the true presentation of one’s identity as one focus for youthfulness consumption. The fit and disciplined body reflects the disciplined and successful person with willpower, energy, self control. A person who cares about themselves and has the right attitude cares about his/her appearance to others (Williams & Bendelow, 1998). According to (Hepworth & Featherstone 1982), it has become almost normal, at least for the middle class, to carry on some physical fitness activities instead of resigning oneself to aging inactively. Thus, physical activities become more importance because related to the youthfulness and a part of healthy life style.

Benefits of physical activities

Benefits of physical activities can either be health benefits, mental benefits, social benefits or economic benefits.

a.) Health benefits.

The main Physical health benefits of engaging in physical activities include:

• Physical activities reduce risks of heart diseases by almost half.
• Physical activities promote fast recovery from heart attacks and also reduced risks of getting a second heart attack.
• They also reduced risks of stroke;
• Reduced also the risks of having high cholesterol and high blood pressure.
• They help in prevention and treatment of diabetes like non-insulin dependent diabetes;
• Also helps in reducing the risks of developing and dying from various cancers like colon and breast cancers.
• Physical activities also help in prevention of obesity and weight management;
• Physical activities help in reducing risk of chronic diseases and also death.
• Also help in Improving fitness and stamina;
• Lastly Physical activities help in building a stronger immune system.

b.) Mental benefits

The mental health benefits of participating in physical activity include:

• Improved self confidence and esteem.
• Reduction in anxiety, stress and depression.
• Improved sense of wellbeing and mood.
• Improved concentration, better performance in school and also enhanced memory.
• Reduced feelings of depression and of fatigue.
• Improved mental awareness and psychological wellbeing.

c.) Social benefits

The Social benefits of physical activities participation include:

• Increased community cohesion.
• Improved community connectedness; and also family.
• Improved social networks and social capital.
• There is a safer community for all.
• Lastly there is a reduction in the sense loneliness and of isolation.

d.) Economic benefits

The main economic benefits of physical activity participation include:

• Physical activities promote health savings from reduced chronic disease prevalence. A lot of money can be saved if many people were to be physically fit because many diseases are caused by unfitness such as diabetes, heart diseases and some cancers such as colon cancer.
• Physical activities promote businesses such as health clubs and fitness centres. This are forms of employment for people.
• Physical activities also promote tourism which earns countries foreign exchange.
• Physical activities results in fitness which in turn may help lower costs incurred by people in terms of transport.
• Also Physical activities may result in reduction in crime.

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Laissez faire

“Laissez faire is the term applied by our forefathers to denote our government’s policy on business, which means, “leave it alone”. In recent years, our government has not abided by this basic rule. Laissez-faire proponents support visions of free markets which are comprised of little or no state intervention on economic issues which include minimal regulations, minimal taxes, free circulation of labor and private ownership of property. Some proponents however support certain kinds of negative liberty as opposed to positive liberties, such as wealth redistribution which is given by the state. Others prefer negative income tax as a replacement to existing welfare system, arguing that it is simpler and has fewer of the perverse incentives of government handouts. The opposition to wealth distribution is mainly based on the belief that it takes capital from the most productive sectors of the economy and gives it to the less productive sectors which in turn reduces productivity of a country and incentive to work. When a government allows market forces to prevail freely, this form of market is called capitalism. If a government controls market forces such as prices of goods and services, we refer to this kind of market as a communist market. However a capitalist state may practice some form of communism.

1. Evaluation: Energy independence

America’s government has not abided in the basic rule of free market in the recent years according to some policies put in place concerning energy independence. According to Robert Bryce 2009, America’s dependence on imported oil was only at about 30 percent. As a result of  federal government’s interference in free markets and the passing of legislations that restricts the development of America’s oil fields, America today is importing more of its oil at around 60 percent, most of which is comes from other oil producing countries. Government leader have allowed America to be over dependent upon the oil production levels of other foreign nations (Robert, 2009).

The demand for oil products has risen steadily in America as a result of high population growth, but there has hardly been no efforts to improve refining capacity have been witnessed in decades. No amount of representation on price gouging will change this economic reality. In recent times the US Energy Information Administration has reported that the oil industry in the US making  billions in profits after spending sizable amounts of money on researching, transporting, drilling and refining their products. On the other hand, in that same year, Federal and State governments collected $58.4 billion in taxes from the oil companies without investing a dime (Robert, 2009).

The Ethanol subsidies program is also a prime example of how US government interference in the free market has led to skyrocketing of prices. Subsidies amounting to $10 billion a year are given to corporate corn farmers, even though Ethanol is 20 to 30 percent less efficient than gasoline and it takes about 200 pounds of corn to produce enough ethanol to fill the average gas tank. It takes more than one gallon of fossil fuel to produce one gallon of ethanol because corn must be grown, fertilized, harvested and trucked to ethanol producers. It also takes 1,700 gallons of water to produce one gallon of ethanol. Ethanol is so costly to make that it wouldn’t make it in a free market without being subsidized by the government (Lars, 2001).

America has to approach the issues of energy independence much the same as the USSR which is to put up the first Sputnik satellite into orbit. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy motivated the nation and promised to put a man on the moon within 10 years which was later achieved and if this kind of success can be achieved, America can surely develop a strategic plan to become an energy independent state in the coming years by increasing the domestic production of oil and at the same time encourage development of environmentally safe alternative energy technology and sources that would free America from its overdependence on foreign oil (Michael, 2004).

III. Global Economic crisis and Mortgage crisis

The developments as to the cause and policy effects of Economic crisis are also a good example in which free markets have been tempered with in recent years. Ways in which the US government has interfered in free market economy include: Nationalisation of financial institutions in order to prevent total economic meltdown in the U.S. This intervention of the U.S government in U.S financial markets is evidenced by the takeover of mortgage giants Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and the bailout of insurance giant American International Group to name but a few.

The mortgage crisis experienced recently in the US is also examples of ways in which free market has been interfered with. The rationale behind the argument is that the subsequent granting of credit to groups or individuals who would not ordinarily have qualified resulted in U.S financial institutions being saddled with sub prime mortgages. Furthermore, toxic mortgages into sophisticated financial instruments such as credit default swaps (CDS) and other derivatives has also largely contributed to the exposure of non U.S markets to U.S sub prime mortgages (Kevin, 2008). CDSs were created by financial gurus on Wall Street in the late 1990s as an unregulated way to insure that financial instruments such as mortgage securities and municipal bonds. CDSs are widely traded credit derivatives according to a 2008 market survey conducted by International Swaps and Derivatives Association. As a result, they have resulted in global financial markets crisis after the collapse of the U.S sub prime market.

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How to write a five paragraph essay

An essay is a composition that is literal in trying to convey information about a concept or an idea. It is a composition that is supported by statements in describing certain ideas and concepts. A good five paragraph essay should have a logical flow in that it has an introduction, a body and a conclusion. The introduction and conclusion are one paragraph long. This means that the body should be three paragraphs. Essay writing is common in tertiary colleges especially the universities. All that is needed in coming up with an impressive essay is selection of a topic and hammering it squarely using relevant supporting points.

Writing an essay doesn’t have one uniform formula. However there are some general rules that you need to be aware of. The first thing is to come up with a rough sketch of what you are going to write. Try to understand your topic in details and know exactly what it requires you to do. This will set you in the right gear of writing a catchy essay. When you have got the topic clearly try to visualize what to write and the way to organise your work. Know how your introduction should be to keep the reader glued to your piece of writing.

The main trick of being successful in writing five-paragraph essay is to know how to come up with a thesis and supporting it fully using relevant information. It is all about having a topic and breaking it down with evidence that hold waters. It is good to come up with a solid introduction that is catchy to draw the attention of the readers. Take time to think on how you can have an appealing introduction. This is what gives the first impression of your writing prowess. Quotes have proved to work miracles if they are well placed. You can also throw questions to the audience hence they will be eager to know the answers in the body of your essay.

The first paragraph of the body of your essay should be equally catchy. It is what will give the reader the first evidence of your topic. Use a defending language in that you are trying to show the reader the solutions to the questions you had asked in the introduction paragraph. To come up with solid evidence you need to be creative. Try as much as you can to explain the evidence so that you affirm trust in the reader. Use language that can totally convince the reader.

The next paragraph should be continuation of evidences to back up your topic. It is good to use transitional language. Be simple but detailed. Ensure the information you include is relevant. It is good to bear in mind on quality rather than quantity. Try to explain in simple language.

In the third paragraph of the body give your best shot evidence. Cement all the evidences you have been giving concerning your theme.

Your conclusion should be a strong wrap-up of the whole writing. It is what you take on the topic. Take your time to deliver your best view over what you have been writing about. Use confidential language to make the reader convinced about your writing. The conclusion is the one that leaves the reader convinced that your argument over the topic is professional. This is why it needs to be strong and supportive.

Writing a book report essay

A book report essay is a composition that is done after the complete version of the book has been done. This essay is meant to include new things and ideas so that the previous work done look much better. It is an essay that is meant to review the old material. This essay can be done whole in that the entire book is reviewed or in bits whereby the chapters of the book are reviewed individually.

When you want to write the best book report essay you should first know the main aim of doing this kind of writing. Every book report essay has its unique purpose. This is why you need to have a guide on exactly what you want to review about a given book. Knowing the exact thing you want is the only way that will keep you on track so that you don’t write irrelevant information. To get a guideline on what you are writing always make reference to what the previous writer did.

As you assemble your arsenals to start writing a book report essay it is good to ensure that all the information in the book is at your reach. Make sure you have read the book and digested it very well. This is what will make your writing much easy. It is of great significance to take time to read and understand the book in details. Every small detail of the book should be at your finger tips. To effectively come up with an impressive essay it is good to take time and come up with a strategy of doing the same. You can start by allocating yourself time to first read and internalise the book. Come up with a rigid outline that will see your task simplified. Work with time if your aim is to finish doing the writing on a given date.

Bear the kind of audience you are writing for in mind. It is good to know who the previous material was designed for. Write in regard to the previous writer’s intention. Another thing to know is the genre of the writing. It is not good to digress from the original genre. Write within the boundaries of the original material. The kind of language you use will depend on the intended readers. Make sure you use language that is easily understood. You can write this essay very well if you take time to master the outlook of the previous material. This is what will give you a clue on how to incorporate all the relevant material in this essay.

When writing a book report essay ensure you revise and edit your work thoroughly. This can be achieved if you are aware of what the previous version of this book was all about. This is what will guide you on the information to include and one to leave out. Edit keenly to ensure that the structure of your essay is superb. This will give the reader motivation to read your essay. As a writer you should always give room for criticism.

A good book report essay is the one that will show your teacher that you are keen in reading the course books. This is why you need to come with a good summary of the same. You should document all the relevant details of the book.

Tips on how to write a competent essay

Essay writing is not a cake walk task. It is something that needs good preparation. Essays are becoming common compositions for students in high school and those in tertiary colleges. If you are a student, do you know how to write a good essay that will propel high than those done by your fellow students? Do you have what it takes to come up with a unique essay? The crucial parts of writing an essay are the introduction and the conclusion. This is what determines the mark range you fall under. The introduction is what gives the marker a clue on how well you are in writing essays. This is why you need to be keen to come up with nothing but the best introduction that will tease the reader. This introduction should clearly outline what you want to write about. Make sure that the introduction is attractive to motivate the reader to go through your essay.

Another part to take great care of when writing an essay is the conclusion. This is the part that seals the whole essay. It is the summary of what you have been writing. It has to be powerful in conveying the message. It should clearly capture what you have been talking about. It should be brief but detailed. Coming up with a strong conclusion needs you to be creative so as to summarise the whole essay in one paragraph. This calls for need to take your time to research on how to conclude when composing an essay.

There are a number of things that you need to bear in mind so that you come up with an appetizing essay that will delight the reader. These are factors that will guide you to write mouth watering beginning and strong concluding statements. The first thing to bear in mind is that the main function of an introduction is to catch the attention of the reader. It is meant to offer a leakage of what the whole story is all about even before the reader gets into the body. This is why your introduction needs to be catchy. It is good to hit your essay writing with a thud. This is the only way of winning the reader to go through your essay with motivation.

As you start writing the introduction of your essay use a thrilling language. It is obvious that essays that have revealing language at the start are likely to score high. Start your essay by stating facts that will give the reader anxiety to read more. Use a compelling language that will leave readers curious of wanting to read more.

Another thing that will guide you is the use of dialogues. If possible come up with an essay that doesn’t leave the reader out. The kind of dialogue you are going to employ should be relevant and conveying. This dialogue should be employed with skill so that your essay doesn’t look like a script. Get the readers into the heart of the essay by using few opening sentences to summarise what you want to convey. The body should be detailed with the relevant information about the topic of the essay. It is the body that dissects the topic into details. Your conclusion should wrap up the whole essay by you giving your personal view about the topic. Make sure it is impressive.

When writing  quality nursing essays, consider the above tips.