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Health systems in underdeveloped countries are usually ill-aligned to deal with the needs of the people who need this care most. This means that the health system unjustly spends most of its resources on the segment of the population that needs it least, since this population incidentally enjoys a higher standard of life, without exposure to things such as malnutrition, poor sanitation and other risk factors that the poor face daily. This means that these disadvantaged communities have to pay out of pocket to access these services, or avoid health care, which leads to untreated morbidity, or the more likely result of more than 100 million people falling into poverty annually after paying health related expenses. (Afri. Health sciences, 2009; (Shah, 2011)).Related to this is the fact that health expenditure is mainly targeted at curative purposes, rather than prevention. The effect is a missed opportunity to stop many of the diseases and problems they end up curing, and further misdirecting desperately needed funds that could be aimed at prevention (Afri. Health sciences, 2009).

The communities affected by these problems greatly suffer due to lack of knowledge on their options. Health insurance in these countries is mostly unheard of, and an increase in this would help many communities access health care. It is therefore important as a nursing professional to enlighten these communities on this. Secondly, the communities affected need to be educated on how to protect themselves from harmful sicknesses and diseases. Nutrition, hygiene and good sanitation are within the grasp of many of these communities. Hospitals should also observe hygiene and minimize the high rate of infections contracted in hospitals. (Afri. Health sciences, 2009)

The insufficient supply of nursing staff in these countries exacerbates the problems. The nursing profession can lobby international decision making bodies to actively fight for this, with the aim of ultimately having more accessible healthcare for all. This will be in line with the two strategies discussed above, of empowering these communities to do more to prevent illnesses, and acquiring health insurance whenever possible.

Benefits of Physical Activity

Since people gained awareness of the body and age as their identity in that their youthfulness is related to the healthy life style, healthy life style has become importance for the consumers. Healthy life style includes proper physical activities, positive life attitude and diet. According to (Oberg &Tornstam, 2001,) in consumer society, the body, has become a symbol of the true presentation of one’s identity as one focus for youthfulness consumption. The fit and disciplined body reflects the disciplined and successful person with willpower, energy, self control. A person who cares about themselves and has the right attitude cares about his/her appearance to others (Williams & Bendelow, 1998). According to (Hepworth & Featherstone 1982), it has become almost normal, at least for the middle class, to carry on some physical fitness activities instead of resigning oneself to aging inactively. Thus, physical activities become more importance because related to the youthfulness and a part of healthy life style.

Benefits of physical activities

Benefits of physical activities can either be health benefits, mental benefits, social benefits or economic benefits.

a.) Health benefits.

The main Physical health benefits of engaging in physical activities include:

Physical activities reduce risks of heart diseases by almost half.
Physical activities promote fast recovery from heart attacks and also reduced risks of getting a second heart attack.
They also reduced risks of stroke;
Reduced also the risks of having high cholesterol and high blood pressure.
They help in prevention and treatment of diabetes like non-insulin dependent diabetes;
Also helps in reducing the risks of developing and dying from various cancers like colon and breast cancers.
Physical activities also help in prevention of obesity and weight management;
Physical activities help in reducing risk of chronic diseases and also death.
Also help in Improving fitness and stamina;
Lastly Physical activities help in building a stronger immune system.

b.) Mental benefits

The mental health benefits of participating in physical activity include:

Improved self confidence and esteem.
Reduction in anxiety, stress and depression.
Improved sense of wellbeing and mood.
Improved concentration, better performance in school and also enhanced memory.
Reduced feelings of depression and of fatigue.
Improved mental awareness and psychological wellbeing.

c.) Social benefits

The Social benefits of physical activities participation include:

Increased community cohesion.
Improved community connectedness; and also family.
Improved social networks and social capital.
There is a safer community for all.
Lastly there is a reduction in the sense loneliness and of isolation.

d.) Economic benefits

The main economic benefits of physical activity participation include:

Physical activities promote health savings from reduced chronic disease prevalence. A lot of money can be saved if many people were to be physically fit because many diseases are caused by unfitness such as diabetes, heart diseases and some cancers such as colon cancer.
Physical activities promote businesses such as health clubs and fitness centres. This are forms of employment for people.
Physical activities also promote tourism which earns countries foreign exchange.
Physical activities results in fitness which in turn may help lower costs incurred by people in terms of transport.
Also Physical activities may result in reduction in crime.

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Laissez faire

“Laissez faire is the term applied by our forefathers to denote our government’s policy on business, which means, “leave it alone”. In recent years, our government has not abided by this basic rule. Laissez-faire proponents support visions of free markets which are comprised of little or no state intervention on economic issues which include minimal regulations, minimal taxes, free circulation of labor and private ownership of property. Some proponents however support certain kinds of negative liberty as opposed to positive liberties, such as wealth redistribution which is given by the state. Others prefer negative income tax as a replacement to existing welfare system, arguing that it is simpler and has fewer of the perverse incentives of government handouts. The opposition to wealth distribution is mainly based on the belief that it takes capital from the most productive sectors of the economy and gives it to the less productive sectors which in turn reduces productivity of a country and incentive to work. When a government allows market forces to prevail freely, this form of market is called capitalism. If a government controls market forces such as prices of goods and services, we refer to this kind of market as a communist market. However a capitalist state may practice some form of communism.

Evaluation: Energy independence

America’s government has not abided in the basic rule of free market in the recent years according to some policies put in place concerning energy independence. According to Robert Bryce 2009, America’s dependence on imported oil was only at about 30 percent. As a result of federal government’s interference in free markets and the passing of legislations that restricts the development of America’s oil fields, America today is importing more of its oil at around 60 percent, most of which is comes from other oil producing countries. Government leader have allowed America to be over dependent upon the oil production levels of other foreign nations (Robert, 2009).

The demand for oil products has risen steadily in America as a result of high population growth, but there has hardly been no efforts to improve refining capacity have been witnessed in decades. No amount of representation on price gouging will change this economic reality. In recent times the US Energy Information Administration has reported that the oil industry in the US making billions in profits after spending sizable amounts of money on researching, transporting, drilling and refining their products. On the other hand, in that same year, Federal and State governments collected $58.4 billion in taxes from the oil companies without investing a dime (Robert, 2009).

The Ethanol subsidies program is also a prime example of how US government interference in the free market has led to skyrocketing of prices. Subsidies amounting to $10 billion a year are given to corporate corn farmers, even though Ethanol is 20 to 30 percent less efficient than gasoline and it takes about 200 pounds of corn to produce enough ethanol to fill the average gas tank. It takes more than one gallon of fossil fuel to produce one gallon of ethanol because corn must be grown, fertilized, harvested and trucked to ethanol producers. It also takes 1,700 gallons of water to produce one gallon of ethanol. Ethanol is so costly to make that it wouldn’t make it in a free market without being subsidized by the government (Lars, 2001).

America has to approach the issues of energy independence much the same as the USSR which is to put up the first Sputnik satellite into orbit. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy motivated the nation and promised to put a man on the moon within 10 years which was later achieved and if this kind of success can be achieved, America can surely develop a strategic plan to become an energy independent state in the coming years by increasing the domestic production of oil and at the same time encourage development of environmentally safe alternative energy technology and sources that would free America from its overdependence on foreign oil (Michael, 2004).

III. Global Economic crisis and Mortgage crisis

The developments as to the cause and policy effects of Economic crisis are also a good example in which free markets have been tempered with in recent years. Ways in which the US government has interfered in free market economy include: Nationalisation of financial institutions in order to prevent total economic meltdown in the U.S. This intervention of the U.S government in U.S financial markets is evidenced by the takeover of mortgage giants Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and the bailout of insurance giant American International Group to name but a few.

The mortgage crisis experienced recently in the US is also examples of ways in which free market has been interfered with. The rationale behind the argument is that the subsequent granting of credit to groups or individuals who would not ordinarily have qualified resulted in U.S financial institutions being saddled with sub prime mortgages. Furthermore, toxic mortgages into sophisticated financial instruments such as credit default swaps (CDS) and other derivatives has also largely contributed to the exposure of non U.S markets to U.S sub prime mortgages (Kevin, 2008). CDSs were created by financial gurus on Wall Street in the late 1990s as an unregulated way to insure that financial instruments such as mortgage securities and municipal bonds. CDSs are widely traded credit derivatives according to a 2008 market survey conducted by International Swaps and Derivatives Association. As a result, they have resulted in global financial markets crisis after the collapse of the U.S sub prime market.

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How to write a five paragraph essay

An essay is a composition that is literal in trying to convey information about a concept or an idea. It is a composition that is supported by statements in describing certain ideas and concepts. A good five paragraph essay should have a logical flow in that it has an introduction, a body and a conclusion. The introduction and conclusion are one paragraph long. This means that the body should be three paragraphs. Essay writing is common in tertiary colleges especially the universities. All that is needed in coming up with an impressive essay is selection of a topic and hammering it squarely using relevant supporting points.

Writing an essay doesn’t have one uniform formula. However there are some general rules that you need to be aware of. The first thing is to come up with a rough sketch of what you are going to write. Try to understand your topic in details and know exactly what it requires you to do. This will set you in the right gear of writing a catchy essay. When you have got the topic clearly try to visualize what to write and the way to organise your work. Know how your introduction should be to keep the reader glued to your piece of writing.

The main trick of being successful in writing five-paragraph essay is to know how to come up with a thesis and supporting it fully using relevant information. It is all about having a topic and breaking it down with evidence that hold waters. It is good to come up with a solid introduction that is catchy to draw the attention of the readers. Take time to think on how you can have an appealing introduction. This is what gives the first impression of your writing prowess. Quotes have proved to work miracles if they are well placed. You can also throw questions to the audience hence they will be eager to know the answers in the body of your essay.

The first paragraph of the body of your essay should be equally catchy. It is what will give the reader the first evidence of your topic. Use a defending language in that you are trying to show the reader the solutions to the questions you had asked in the introduction paragraph. To come up with solid evidence you need to be creative. Try as much as you can to explain the evidence so that you affirm trust in the reader. Use language that can totally convince the reader.

The next paragraph should be continuation of evidences to back up your topic. It is good to use transitional language. Be simple but detailed. Ensure the information you include is relevant. It is good to bear in mind on quality rather than quantity. Try to explain in simple language.

In the third paragraph of the body give your best shot evidence. Cement all the evidences you have been giving concerning your theme.

Your conclusion should be a strong wrap-up of the whole writing. It is what you take on the topic. Take your time to deliver your best view over what you have been writing about. Use confidential language to make the reader convinced about your writing. The conclusion is the one that leaves the reader convinced that your argument over the topic is professional. This is why it needs to be strong and supportive.

Writing a book report essay

A book report essay is a composition that is done after the complete version of the book has been done. This essay is meant to include new things and ideas so that the previous work done look much better. It is an essay that is meant to review the old material. This essay can be done whole in that the entire book is reviewed or in bits whereby the chapters of the book are reviewed individually.

When you want to write the best book report essay you should first know the main aim of doing this kind of writing. Every book report essay has its unique purpose. This is why you need to have a guide on exactly what you want to review about a given book. Knowing the exact thing you want is the only way that will keep you on track so that you don’t write irrelevant information. To get a guideline on what you are writing always make reference to what the previous writer did.

As you assemble your arsenals to start writing a book report essay it is good to ensure that all the information in the book is at your reach. Make sure you have read the book and digested it very well. This is what will make your writing much easy. It is of great significance to take time to read and understand the book in details. Every small detail of the book should be at your finger tips. To effectively come up with an impressive essay it is good to take time and come up with a strategy of doing the same. You can start by allocating yourself time to first read and internalise the book. Come up with a rigid outline that will see your task simplified. Work with time if your aim is to finish doing the writing on a given date.

Bear the kind of audience you are writing for in mind. It is good to know who the previous material was designed for. Write in regard to the previous writer’s intention. Another thing to know is the genre of the writing. It is not good to digress from the original genre. Write within the boundaries of the original material. The kind of language you use will depend on the intended readers. Make sure you use language that is easily understood. You can write this essay very well if you take time to master the outlook of the previous material. This is what will give you a clue on how to incorporate all the relevant material in this essay.

When writing a book report essay ensure you revise and edit your work thoroughly. This can be achieved if you are aware of what the previous version of this book was all about. This is what will guide you on the information to include and one to leave out. Edit keenly to ensure that the structure of your essay is superb. This will give the reader motivation to read your essay. As a writer you should always give room for criticism.

A good book report essay is the one that will show your teacher that you are keen in reading the course books. This is why you need to come with a good summary of the same. You should document all the relevant details of the book.

Tips on how to write a competent essay

Essay writing is not a cake walk task. It is something that needs good preparation. Essays are becoming common compositions for students in high school and those in tertiary colleges. If you are a student, do you know how to write a good essay that will propel high than those done by your fellow students? Do you have what it takes to come up with a unique essay? The crucial parts of writing an essay are the introduction and the conclusion. This is what determines the mark range you fall under. The introduction is what gives the marker a clue on how well you are in writing essays. This is why you need to be keen to come up with nothing but the best introduction that will tease the reader. This introduction should clearly outline what you want to write about. Make sure that the introduction is attractive to motivate the reader to go through your essay.

Another part to take great care of when writing an essay is the conclusion. This is the part that seals the whole essay. It is the summary of what you have been writing. It has to be powerful in conveying the message. It should clearly capture what you have been talking about. It should be brief but detailed. Coming up with a strong conclusion needs you to be creative so as to summarise the whole essay in one paragraph. This calls for need to take your time to research on how to conclude when composing an essay.

There are a number of things that you need to bear in mind so that you come up with an appetizing essay that will delight the reader. These are factors that will guide you to write mouth watering beginning and strong concluding statements. The first thing to bear in mind is that the main function of an introduction is to catch the attention of the reader. It is meant to offer a leakage of what the whole story is all about even before the reader gets into the body. This is why your introduction needs to be catchy. It is good to hit your essay writing with a thud. This is the only way of winning the reader to go through your essay with motivation.

As you start writing the introduction of your essay use a thrilling language. It is obvious that essays that have revealing language at the start are likely to score high. Start your essay by stating facts that will give the reader anxiety to read more. Use a compelling language that will leave readers curious of wanting to read more.

Another thing that will guide you is the use of dialogues. If possible come up with an essay that doesn’t leave the reader out. The kind of dialogue you are going to employ should be relevant and conveying. This dialogue should be employed with skill so that your essay doesn’t look like a script. Get the readers into the heart of the essay by using few opening sentences to summarise what you want to convey. The body should be detailed with the relevant information about the topic of the essay. It is the body that dissects the topic into details. Your conclusion should wrap up the whole essay by you giving your personal view about the topic. Make sure it is impressive.

When writing quality nursing essays, consider the above tips.

Excitation and Contraction in Muscles

Introduction

Muscle is an organ that specializes in the conversion of chemical energy into movement which if necessary for life. Movement occurs in several forms ranging from cytoplasmic streaming to neuron growth at a cellular level to a sprinter’s explosive performance or albatross distance. Muscles are packed with movement-related proteins. Muscles are characterized into three categories namely skeletal muscle responsible for locomotion or flight, cardiac muscle that has the ability to function for a longer time and smooth muscle that lines arterial walls to control blood pressure or causes intestinal movement to control food digestion. Muscle contraction requires the supply of energy from ATP obtained from metabolism of fatty acids and glucose, but the amount of consumed energy varies depending on the types of muscle. This essay compares the similarities and differences in contraction and excitation of the three types of muscles.

Excitation in Skeletal Muscles

The contact area between a skeletal muscle cell and the end of a motor nerve is known as the motor end plate, and it contains acetylcholine, which transmits excitation. Skeletal muscle cell contains excitable sarcolemma that allows the spread of stimuli to the entire muscle via mediation of voltage-gated ion channels. Sarcolemma invaginations form the T-tubule system that initiates excitation of the muscle fiber near the border between the I- and A-bands of the myofibrils. T-tubules closely oppose cisternae generated by the sarcoplasmatic reticulum, an association known as a triad. The proteins in between the cisternae and the T-tubule mediate the excitation-contraction coupling. These proteins can change shape to open calcium channels and consequently permit calcium to enter the cytoplasm near the myofilaments. Actin and myosin interaction take place in resting muscle cells in tropomyosin. Calcium then binds to troponin-C to induce a change in the troponin-tropomyosin complex thereby allowing myosin and actin interaction leading to contraction (Treves 2009, p. 3074).

The nervous system causes excitation of skeletal muscles. Impulses are transmitted from nerves to skeletal muscle fibers. Every nerve fiber can stimulate from three to hundreds of muscle fibers. The movement of the action potential is on both directions of the ends of the muscle fibers. The nerve terminals secrete acetylcholine. Once in the neuromuscular junction, the nerve impulses stimulate the release of vesicles with acetylcholine into the synaptic space. Acetylcholineesterase either destroys acetylcholine that is present in the synaptic space, or it diffuses. A plate potential produced by acetylcholine at the end can either excite the skeletal muscle fiber or not (Treves 2009, p. 3076).

Excitation in Smooth Muscles

Excitation contraction in smooth muscles takes place through pharmaco-mechanical, mechano-mechanical and electro-mechanical coupling. The nervous system causes excitation or inhibition of smooth muscles. In electro-mechanical coupling, smooth muscles are excited by depolarization of the sarcolemma which opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels to result in the movement of Ca2+ from the extracellular fluid into the sarcoplasm. The Ca2+ stimulates Ca2t release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, a phenomenon referred to as Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release (CICR). Excitation of smooth muscles via pharmacochemical coupling is caused by chemical agents when a membrane depolarization is present. Hormones and neurotransmitters bind to ligand-gated Ca2+ channels located on the sarcolemma opening them up to allow inflow of Ca2+ from the ECF. Smooth muscle excitation via mechano-mechanichal coupling occurs from a stretch that opens up stretch-sensitive Ca2+ channels located on the sarcolemma thgus allowing inflow of Ca2+ from the ECF.

Excitation in Cardiac Muscles

Myocardium excitation begins at the sinuatrial node located in the right atrium wall on the lateral side where the superior vena cava opens into the atrium. Excitation reaches the atrioventricular node located at the interatrial base. The atria myocardium is separated from ventricles by the heart’s fibrous body that prevents excitation spread right from the atrial to the ventricular muscles cells (Fisher, Sobie, Thakor & Tuna 1996, p. 1357). The nervous system causes excitation or inhibition of cardiac muscles. Excitation is through the ionic permeabilites and electrogenic active transport including the depletion and accumulation of extracellular potassium. The rapid sodium current that spikes the action potential as well as the slow calcium or sodium inward current that is responsible for the plateau are both controlled by inactivation and activation variables, but the closing and opening of corresponding conductance is variable. This results in slow action potentials from a rapidly ascending phase of partially depolarized fibers. Many components of depolarizing currents, some controlled by intracellular calcium exist. Depolarization in purkinje fibers is more labile as compared to myocardium (Coraboeuf 2005, p. 15).

Contraction in Skeletal Muscles

Contraction in skeletal muscles occurs through a mechanism of sliding filament. The interaction between myosin cross-bridges and the actin filaments generate mechanical forces that lead to the inward sliding of the actin filaments amid the myosin filaments. These forces are inhibited in resting conditions. A travel of an action potential above the fiber membrane causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release large amounts of calcium ions, which in turn activates the forces between the myosin and the actin and consequently initiates contraction (Prosser et al. 2008, p. 5050).

Regulation of contraction in skeletal muscles is voluntary through axon terminals located in the somatic nervous system. In skeletal muscles, contractile strength increases depending on the degree of stretch. Contraction is non-rhythmic while the speed of contraction is slow to fast. Continue reading “Excitation and Contraction in Muscles”

Tiger Parenting

Tiger parenting is a term that became popular after its use by Chinese author Amy Chua in the Book titled ‘Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother’ (Chua). The term Tiger is mainly used to refer to part of the native home of Tigers which is East and South East Asia where there is a strict culture when it comes to raising children. After the publication of the book, the term has become popular in describing how Asians, particularly Asian Americans raise their children so that they perform well academically.
Characteristics

Tiger parenting is mostly strict and authoritarian parenting that in many cases entails the use of negative parenting such as the enforcement of strict and sometimes severe rules. Another characteristic may be the restriction on the use of leisure time, which the parent may consider putting into more productive use, like learning a new skill. However, contrary to the tiger parenting methods used by Amy Chua in raising her daughters, which was mostly power assertive negative parenting, most tiger parents in East Asia as well as the majority of Asian Americans also, use positive parenting strategies when raising their children (A. P. Association 2). These positive strategies include encouraging those who fail the first time to try again instead of punishing the children for failing as well as community support in helping the child to succeed.

Tiger parenting is controversial because people, even scholars, express divergent views on it. Some view it as necessary as its outcome produces desirable results such as disciplined, academically successful children. This is important in this increasingly competitive world. Others consider it to be a destructive form of parenting that moulds children into machine-like robots from whom perfection in expected in everything that they do. Several successful and controversial examples of tiger parenting bring about the question as to whether tiger parenting is ethical or not. Tiger parenting is an ethical way to bring up a child as are both good and bad aspects of Tiger parenting, but the realization of the benefits of this type of parenting depends on how the parent does it.

The Ethics of Tiger Parenting

Tiger parenting is ethical, in terms of its consequences. First, it helps in molding hard working children. In almost every study done in the United States including a survey done by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (Science 1-3) shows that Asian Americans by outperform every other racial group in the United States academically at all levels. Asians have a hard work ethic that their tiger parents instill at home. Most Asians believe that Success comes about because of personal effort rather than natural ability. This belief seems to be paying off.

The children of tiger parents are highly disciplined. Asians are respectful to their elders due to cultural factors. Tiger parents enforce discipline rigorously, and the children who grow up in such households are usually respectful and considerate not only to their parents but to most people in society. In contrast, the mode of parenting that is predominant in the United States is where the parent tries to be friends with their kids rather than to be authority figures. This results in a culture of entitlement amongst non-Asian children in the US and brings problems later in life when the children grow up and join the workforce where there are authority figures who demand respect.
It is important to note that tiger parenting is not only ethical, from a consequential perspective, but also from a deontology perspective. The children try to satisfy the parent’s high expectations. Many Asian parents push their children to perform well because most of them came from deprived backgrounds and do not want their children to have the same negative experiences they had while growing up. At the same time, most of them believe in the American Dream, which rewards those who make the greatest effort to succeed thus they place high expectations on their children and push them towards achieving those expectations. Tiger parenting has largely been responsible for the rapid transition from being one of the poorest minority groups in the Sixties to the most successful and wealthiest minority group today.
Children of tiger parents grow up to be model citizens and residents with moral values and ethics. East Asian immigrants have gained favor across the globe not only because of their hard work ethic, but also because of their ability to easily integrate into the culture of their host country and most importantly, rarely bring any social tensions with them. Asian Americans in the US have the lowest crime rates of any racial group in the country mainly due to the instilling of discipline and respect for authority by their parents. East Asian children gain less exposure to social risks like underage drinking and use of dangerous drugs in their teens than other racial groups.

Unethical Tiger parenting practices and their effects
However, other scholars are of a different opinion. They believe that tiger parenting is unethical because of negative consequences ignored or overlooked by its proponents. . Tiger parenting can lead to several negative effects that may affect a child’s development into a whole person.
An example of a negative consequence of tiger parenting is that children may end up having poor social skills. Many tiger parents make the mistake of being excessively strict and restricting the social lives of their children. Such restrictions create several problems later on in life, as the individual is unable to get along with most people ad ends up being shy and alone most of the time. Excessive individualism where selfishness and self-interest may also become a problem when it comes to social interaction. This phenomenon is already quite common in China and is becoming common amongst Asian Americans in the US.
The children may end up having mental problems. Too much of a good thing can be poisonous. In this case, excessive tiger parenting can bring about the very results that the tiger parent is trying to avoid. According to research done by Yasmin Anwar of UC Berkley (Anwar 2), pushing, and straining your child to succeed can lead to depression, anxiety, and inability to express emotion. Such issues can lead to poor academic performance, forcing the tiger parent to exert even more pressure. Asian American girls and women seem more sensitive to this pressure since they record the highest suicide rate amongst females of all racial backgrounds. (A. P. Association 1-3).
Children of tiger parents often have low self-esteem. Both Tiger parenting and American society are responsible for this problem. Many Asian Americans still feel like outsiders in this country, and this affects their self-esteem. Tiger Parents try to teach their children that only through success will they be equal to their white counterparts and woe unto the child who fails! The use of humiliation as a way to encourage the child to succeed always has detrimental effects if the child does fail or does not do as well as expected. When a child feels that their parent’s love is conditional, based on their achievements, it acts as a demotivator rather than a tool of encouraging success.

The children may end up being poor innovators. Children of Tiger parents may be the most successful academically, but perform poorly when it comes to innovation and people skills. Despite the high academic achievements of Asian Americans, they hardly feature in senior leadership roles in the country. The reason given is that most Asians are content with being just being ‘worker bees’ and as people with poor social skills. As computerization takes over the complex mathematical and science jobs that so many tiger parents push their children to excel in, social skills will become more important, and it is about time tiger parents realized that.
Tiger Parenting can be ethical or unethical depending on how it is applied. A balance has to exist between being strict, while allowing the children to have social skills and to have a degree of independence to think for themselves. While it is a good thing to encourage and push your child to succeed, there are limits to this and the child should not strain just to please their parents at their expense. A parent should allow their children to act like children once in a while. After all, we are only children once.

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Accommodate Students with Disabilities

Higher education refers to studies taken at the University, University colleges and higher education institutions. Certifications in these institutions involve conferment of degrees and award of a higher national diploma. Disabilities may range from physical to learning ones. In an article by Mencap, a charity organization,” a learning disability is a reduced intellectual ability and difficulty with everyday activities-for example household tasks, socializing and managing money-which affects someone for the whole life” (Mencap_Charity). The Learning Disabilities Association of America explains that learning disabilities are neurologically-based processing problems. The association further advises that the processing problems can interfere with learning basic skills such a reading, writing, and math. Accordingly, people with the disabilities will take longer to learn, thus requiring support to understanding complex information, developing new skills and socializing with others. Learning disability affects intellect, and cannot be overcome with treatment; it is an incurable lifelong challenge. However, people with the challenges can succeed in schools, at work, relationships and community given the relevant support (America). The learning-challenged have average or above average intelligence. The victim seemingly looks normal; bright and intelligent. Further examinations disclose deviations between the individual’s potential and actual achievements. The person may be unable to demonstrate skill levels of his or her normal age mates. In the past, higher institutions catered for able students. However, suggestions have been made so that these institutions can start accommodating even those students with disabilities. In doing this effectively, professors and higher institutions should be trained on how to teach the students and modify their instructional methodologies. This brief examines the different modifications necessary.

Training Higher Education Institutions to Accommodate Students Who have Disabilities

Statistics proves that these accommodations are on the rise (Marklein, 2011) (Vickers, 2010). Landmark College is a small, private institution that specializes in educating students with dyslexia. According to Professor Roxanne Hamilton, the college had developed strategies to stay focused when lecturers get boring, picked up on tips for staying on top of home works, and brushed up on their rights as college students with documented learning disabilities (Marklein, 2011). By working on their handshakes, she advises the students that “ a firm grip will project confidence when they ask for what they need to succeed — be it extra time on tests, access to an instructor’s notes or a distraction-free place to study” (Marklein, 2011).

Individualized assistance for students with disabilities needs to be accommodated in the learning process. Such assistance aims at giving them equal opportunity to the learning environment: It is not intended at weakening the rigor of the course, nor for altering the primary aspect of the course. Every student has a unique learning disability. Subsequently, learning assistance should be tailored to individual needs (Washington(UW), 2015).

As cases of learning disabilities noticeably rise, so have the realization and application of academic and technological strategies to accommodate the disabilities. While planning a course, instructors must consider on how to avail it even to those with disabilities. The Universal Design recommends the instructors to:

Include in the syllabus a statement of an invitation for students to be open about their disabilities. All college resources dealing with the disabilities should be made known to them.
Make early and clear the requirements of the course. Exams dates, due dates for assignments, and any changes to it should be communicated in advance.
For printed materials, these should be provided in advance. Where possible, the material should be converted into electronic text. Such a move will allow enough time for students who use reading software (Washington(UW), 2015). Such auxiliary aids and services will go along the way into helping the learning-disabled (California, 2013).
Multimodal presentation of classroom materials will help address a variety of styles and strengths. Presenting the material in oral and written format appeals to the appropriate senses of the learners. Objectives should be clearly stated, accompanied by periodic reviews of previous lessons and summaries. Brief, uncomplicated instructions need to be demonstrated, while also using multiple course assessment methods. Video captions enable visual and audible presentation of content. Though meant for the deaf, the captions also help those not proficient in English. The videos should be provided in the various learning centers, in varying modes (Washington(UW), 2015).
Accommodations should be availed for the classroom and assignments. In line with this, the student should be assisted in getting a note-taker from the class. They can also be provided with the instructor’s notes or be allowed to tape- record the lectures. Besides, for writing assignments, the learner requires additional time.

Especially for large assignments, students’ disabilities call for their assistance in planning the workflow. By breaking the assignment into smaller components, and providing feedback, then the learner gets the chance to comprehend the assignment better (Washington(UW), 2015). Assistance for proofreading should also be made available. Still, accommodations should be availed for examinations. These should be taken in rooms that are free from distractions, time for the exams need to be extended while essay exams should have the company of spelling and grammar-assistive devices. The use of calculators and scratch papers would go in hardy. The assistance of word processors and alternatives for oral exams are viable.

“Higher Education is governed by section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and also the Americans with Disabilities Act” (Vickers, 2010). These are statutes of civil rights that require all institutions of higher learning to have necessarily reasonable modifications to policies, to ensure educational access and opportunities for the students, without discriminations.

Students with learning disabilities have the right to information. However, under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, a disclosure of the student’s disabilities will only be done with the express permission of the student, that is, a need-to- know basis (Gaumnitz, 2017).

All the above measures that aim at ensuring that those with learning disabilities have a fair share in acquiring higher education.

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